Morphological evaluations
We scored adult specimen peels managed on the STRIBC (Letter =67), the fresh new Western Art gallery out of Absolute Record (AMNH, N =25), and the You National Art gallery bird collection (USNM, Letter = 10) off Costa Rica, Panama, and you can Colombia for each out of about three phenotypic traits: i) dorsal plumage, ii) ventral plumage, and you will iii) face shield ornamentation. Pursuing the , MJM, Sel, or over to three most other observers (get a hold of More file 1: Table S1) obtained for every bird alone for the a size away from 0 – 1, where 0 illustrated good phenotypically sheer Jacana spinosa, and you will step one illustrated a beneficial phenotypically sheer Jacana jacana (according to contrasting having skins out-of outside of the contact region), therefore we averaged the newest score for each and every characteristic because phenotypic crossbreed list for each specimen kissbrides.com PrГёv disse ut . Specimens which have phenotypic hybrid indices below 0.ten was in fact classified once the “pure” spinosa, if you’re an index regarding 0.ninety or even more is actually scored since “pure” jacana. A rating anywhere between 0.10 and you may 0.twenty five are classified because the “spinosa-like”, while a list ranging from 0.75 and you will 0.ninety try categorized because “jacana-like”. Specimens that have indices between 0.25 and you will 0.75 were classified as the “hybrids”.
Hereditary research
We sequenced an excellent 652 foot couples fragment of mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase I gene (COI: the brand new DNA barcode fragment) of 59 Panamanian jacanas, also a couple of specimens out-of east Honduras taken to the research by the J. Klicka plus the Marjorie Barrick Museum. We picked it gene to take advantageous asset of present sequence research into Genbank having jacanas out of diverse geographical countries, which have been as well as set in brand new dataset (N = 10). Research procedures realize basic steps which were described somewhere else . We attempted however, were not able to create series study from toe pad extractions regarding the Smith and you will Emlen group of specimens.
The newest COI data were used to help you estimate new hereditary distinctiveness away from the two jacana variety and you may infer the time regarding speciation between J. spinosa and J. jacana, in order to assess the training that geography limits gene flow in jacanas (we.e. isolation-by-distance). We made median-joining circle during the PopART . We utilized Mega to help you estimate the common point utilizing the HKY model of molecular evolution to help you contrast divergence for the jacanas with other avian types where hereditary length might have been calculated utilizing the HKY design .
We examined on the effectation of geographic point towards hereditary differences (i.elizabeth., isolation by range) via an excellent Mantel test implemented on system Alleles in dimensions , and therefore compares genetic and you can geographical distances one of individuals in the place of populations. For both J. spinosa and J. jacana mtDNA sequence establishes, we coordinated uncorrected pairwise series divergence with pairwise geographical length to own every you can pairs. Dependence on this new relationship is dependent on comparing the new seen correlation to help you haphazard correlations based on ten,000 permutations.
To match the fresh new mtDNA-created analyses from genetic introgression along the jacana hybrid zone, i sequenced two autosomal introns (gapdh eleven: , and you will 10551: ) having STRIBC specimens amassed across Panama. Centered on a short evaluation out-of sequence version regarding several examples out-of for each and every geographical endpoint (beyond your hybrid area) of your sampling structure, i understood just one nucleotide polymorphism per intron: gapdh 3- anti-feel updates 136 (cytosine-thymine: C-T change), and you may 10551 position 153 (adenine-guanine: A-Grams transition). Ranking is actually in line with aimed sequences each and every intron to the J. spinosa take to MJM8238 (Genbank accessions: gapdh: KM891734, 10551: KM891735).
Cline shape analyses
We estimated the shape of the phenotypic and genotypic clines using ClineFit , which applies the cline fitting formulas developed by Szymura and Barton . The shape of a cline is determined by three formulas. The first formula (1) defines a symmetric S-shaped curve around the center of the hybrid zone, and relies on two parameters: c – for the center of the curve, and w – which is 1/maximum slope of the cline, and represents the cline width. Two additional formulae define the cline tails (2,3) and add four additional parameters: z L and z R , which represent the distance from c to a vertical asymptote for the exponential decay of allele frequencies to the left and right sides of the hybrid zone, while ? L and ? R define the rates of this exponential decay relative to the shape of the central cline (1).